Structural controls on the Triassic Main Buntsandstein sediment distribution in the Roer Valley Graben, the Netherlands
Keywords:
Seismic interpretation, structural evolution, Triassic Main Buntsandstein, geothermal energy
Abstract
The lower Triassic Main Buntsandstein Subgroup represents a promising, but high-risk geothermal play in the Netherlands. Although the gross thickness in boreholes locally exceeds 200 m, the spatial distribution, geometries and preservation of these sedimentary units remained uncertain due to the lack of seismic data with sufficient resolution and the sparse borehole network. This creates uncertainty in the quantification of the aquifer dimensions that is essential for the planning of geothermal operations.
In this study, seismic interpretation and 2D palinspastic restoration of new and reprocessed seismic data were conducted and combined with borehole data to assess the tectonic evolution of the Roer Valley Graben in the southeastern Netherlands and its control on the spatial distribution of the Main Buntsandstein Subgroup sediments. Our results show that the central and southern parts of the Roer Valley Graben were active depocenters in the Early to Middle Triassic times dominated by fluvial sandstone deposition, providing important play elements for prospective leads on geothermal exploration. The northern part of the basin was a more marginal area where mostly fine-grained sediments were deposited. To the northwest, differential subsidence resulted in the development of areas where the Buntsandstein thickness is reduced to ∼150 m.
After deposition, the Main Buntsandstein sediments were compartmentalised by faulting related to post-depositional tectonic activity, locally reducing the lateral extent of the geothermal target areas down to 1–2 km in a ∼NE–SW direction. On the platform areas adjacent to the Roer Valley Graben and to the southeast, Jurassic sediments are largely absent and the Main Buntsandstein sediments are present at depths shallower than 2 km. These platforms are promising targets for further investigation, as the relatively shallow burial depths, compared to the central part of the Graben, may have contributed to the preservation of more favourable reservoir properties.
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Willems, C.J., Vondrak, A., Mijnlieff, H.F., Donselaar, M.E. & Van Kempen, B.M., 2020. Geology of the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous geothermal aquifers in the West Netherlands Basin-an overview. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 99: e1.
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Winstanley, A.M., 1993. A review of the Triassic play in the Roer Valley Graben, SE onshore Netherlands. Geological Society, London, Petroleum Geology Conference Series 4(1): 595–607.
Worum, G., Michon, L., van Balen, R.T., Van Wees, J.D., Cloetingh, S. & Pagnier, H., 2005. Pre-Neogene controls on present-day fault activity in the West Netherlands Basin and Roer Valley Rift System (southern Netherlands): role of variations in fault orientation in a uniform low-stress regime. Quaternary Science Reviews 24(3-4): 473–488.
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Augustsson, C., Aehnelt, M., Voigt, T., Kunkel, C., Meyer, M. & Schellhorn, F., 2019. Quartz and zircon decoupling in sandstone: petrography and quartz cathodoluminescence of the Early Triassic continental Buntsandstein Group in Germany. Sedimentology 66(7): 2874–2893.
Bachmann, G.H., Geluk, M.C., Doornenbal, J.C. & Stevenson, A.G., 2010. Chapter 9, Triassic. In: Doornenbal, H. & Stevenson, A. (eds): Petroleum Geological Atlas of The Southern Permian Basin Area. EAGE Publications B.V. (Houten): 148–173.
Békési, E., Struijk, M., Bonté, D., Veldkamp, H., Limberger, J., Fokker, P.A., Vrijlandt, M. & Van Wees, J.D., 2020. An updated geothermal model of the Dutch subsurface based on inversion of temperature data. Geothermics 88: 101880.
Bonté, D., Van Wees, J.D. & Verweij, J.M., 2012. Subsurface temperature of the onshore Netherlands: new temperature dataset and modelling. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 91(4): 491–515.
Bourquin, S., Guillocheau, F. & Péron, S., 2009. Braided rivers within an arid alluvial plain (example from the Lower Triassic, western German Basin): recognition criteria and expression of stratigraphic cycles. Sedimentology 56(7): 2235–2264.
Bourquin, S., Bercovici, A., López-Gómez, J., Diez, J.B., Broutin, J., Ronchi, A., Durand, M., Arché, A., Linol, B. & Amour, F., 2011. The Permian-Triassic transition and the onset of Mesozoic sedimentation at the northwestern peri-Tethyan domain scale: palaeogeographic maps and geodynamic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 299(1-2): 265–280.
Carter, R.R., Cade, C. & Amiri Garoussi, K., 1990. Sedimentology and reservoir quality of the middle and upper Bunter Formations, Cores 1-7 Waalwijk-2. EXT 58541.
Deckers, J., Rombaut, B., Van Noten, K. & Vanneste, K., 2021. Influence of inherited structural domains and their particular strain distributions on the Roer Valley graben evolution from inversion to extension. Solid Earth 12(2): 345–361.
Deckers, J., Rombaut, B., Broothaers, M., Dirix, K. & Debacker, T., 2023. New 3D fault model for eastern Flanders (Belgium) providing insights on the major deformation phases in the region since the late Paleozoic. Journal of Structural Geology 166: 104779.
De Jager, J., 2003. Inverted basins in the Netherlands, similarities and differences. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 82(4): 339–349.
Fossen, H., Ksienzyk, A.K., Rotevatn, A., Bauck, M.S. & Wemmer, K., 2021. From widespread faulting to localised rifting: Evidence from K-Ar fault gouge dates from the Norwegian North Sea rift shoulder. Basin Research 33(3): 1934–1953.
Felder, M. & Fernandez, S., 2018. Core hot shot NLW-GT-01. PanTerra Geoconsultants B.V. (The Hague): 7.
Gawthorpe, R.L. & Leeder, M.R., 2000. Tectono-sedimentary evolution of active extensional basins. Basin Research 12(3-4): 195–218.
Geluk, M.C., Duin, E.T., Dusar, M., Rijkers, R.H.B., Van den Berg, M.W. & Van Rooijen, P., 1994. Stratigraphy and tectonics of the Roer Valley Graben. Geologie en Mijnbouw 73: 129–129.
Geluk, M.C. & Röhling, H.G. 1997. High-resolution sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Triassic ‘Buntsandstein’ In the Netherlands and northwestern Germany. Geologie en Mijnbouw 76, 227–246.
Geluk, M.C. Stratigraphy and tectonics of Permo-Triassic basins in the Netherlands and surrounding areas (PhD Thesis), 2005, 171, Utrecht University (Utrecht)
Geluk, M., 2007. Triassic. In: Wong, Th.E, Batjes, D.A.J. & De Jager, J, (eds): Geology of the Netherlands. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (Amsterdam): 107–125.
Hamm, V. & Lopez, S., 2012. Impact of fluvial sedimentary heterogeneities on heat transfer at a geothermal doublet scale. Stanford Geothermal Workshop, 18 pp.
Herngreen, G.F.W. & Wong, ThE, 2007. Cretaceous. In: Wong, Th.E., Batjes, D.A.J. & De Jager, J. (eds): Geology of the Netherlands (Amsterdam, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 107–125.
Technology, I.F., 2012. Geothermal energy Noord-Brabant. Geological study of Triassic reservoirs in the province of Noord-Brabant. Summary Report 3/60125/NB.
Köppen, A. & Carter, A., 2000. Constraints on provenance of the central European Triassic using detrital zircon fission track data. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 161(1-2): 193–204.
Kortekaas, M., Böker, U., Van Der Kooij, C. & Jaarsma, B., 2018. Lower Triassic reservoir development in the northern Dutch offshore. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 469(1): 149–168.
Kramers, L., Van Wees, J.D., Pluymaekers, M.P.D., Kronimus, A. & Boxem, T., 2012. Direct heat resource assessment and subsurface information systems for geothermal aquifers;the Dutch perspective. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 91(4): 637–649.
Kombrink, H., Doornenbal, J.C., Duin, E.J.T., Den Dulk, M., Van Gessel, S.F., Ten Veen, J.H. & Witmans, N., 2012. New insights into the geological structure of the Netherlands; results of a detailed mapping project. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 91(4): 419–446.
Larue, D.K. & Hovadik, J.M., 2006. Connectivity of channelized reservoirs: a modelling approach. Petroleum Geoscience 12: 291–308.
Lingrey, S. & Vidal-Royo, O. Evaluating a 2-D Structural Restoration: Validating Section Balance. AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Linol, B., Bercovici, A., Bourquin, S., Diez, J.B., López-Gómez, J., Broutin, J., Durand, M. & Villanueva-Amadoz, U., 2009. Late Permian to Middle Triassic correlations and palaeogeographical reconstructions in south-western European basins: new sedimentological data from Minorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). Sedimentary Geology 220(1-2): 77–94.
McKie, T. & Williams, B., 2009. Triassic palaeogeography and fluvial dispersal across the northwest European Basins. Geological Journal 44(6): 711–741.
McKie, T., 2011. Architecture and behavior of dryland fluvial reservoirs, Triassic Skagerrak Formation, central North Sea. In: From River To Rock Record: The Preservation Of Fluvial Sediments And Their Subsequent Interpretation SEPM Special Publication No. 97, Copyright. 2011SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), 189–214.
Mijnlieff, H.F., 2020. Introduction to the geothermal play and reservoir geology of the Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 99: e2.
Milliken, K.L., 2003. Late diagenesis and mass transfer in sandstone shale sequences. In: MacKenzie, M (ed): Treatise on Geochemistry. vol. 7, Elsevier (Amsterdam): 159–190.
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (MEA). Directorate-General Energy, Telecommunications and Competition, 2023. Natural resources and geothermal energy in the Netherlands, Annual review. An overview of exploration, production and underground storage. MEA.
Nelskamp, S. & Verweij, J.M. Using basin modelling for geothermal energy exploration in the Netherlands–an example from the West Netherlands Basin and Roer Valley Graben. TNO-060-UT-2012-00245, 113 pp.
NITG, 2004. Geological Atlas of the Subsurface of the Netherlands – onshore. Netherlands Institute of Applied Geoscience TNO (Utrecht): 104 pp.
Olivarius, M., Weibel, R., Friis, H., Boldreel, L.O., Keulen, N. & Thomsen, T.B., 2017. Provenance of the Lower Triassic Bunter Sandstone Formation: implications for distribution and architecture of aeolian vs. fluvial reservoirs in the North German Basin . Basin Research 29: 113–130.
Palermo, D., Aigner, T., Geluk, M., Poeppelreiter, M. & Pipping, K., 2008. Reservoir potential of a lacustrine mixed carbonate/siliciclastic gas reservoir: The Lower Triassic Rogenstein in the Netherlands. Journal of Petroleum Geology 31(1): 35–96.
Pharaoh, T.C., Dusar, M., Geluk, M., Kockel, F., Krawczyk, C.M., Krzywiec, P., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., Thybo, H., Vejbaek, O. & Van Wees, J.D., 2010. Tectonic evolution. In: Petroleum geological atlas of the Southern Permian Basin area, 25–57.
Suppe, J., 1985. Principles of structural geology. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs (New Jersey): 537
TNO-GDN. Stratigraphic Nomenclature of the Netherlands, TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands 2023. https://www.dinoloket.nl/en/stratigraphic-nomenclature.
Van Adrichem Boogaert, H.A. & Kouwe, W.F.P., 1993-1997. Stratigraphic nomenclature of the Netherlands, revision and update by RGD and NOGEPA. Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst, 50 pp.
Van Lochem, H., Ter Borgh, M. & Mijnlieff, H., 2019. Geological Evaluation for the Seismic Acquisition Programme for SCAN Areas F (Oost-Brabant and Noord-Limburg) and G (Zuid-Limburg). SCAN Programme 2019: 11.
Veeken, P.P. & Van Moerkerken, B, 2013. Seismic stratigraphy and depositional facies models. EAGE Publications, 496 pp. doi: 10.3997/9789073834439.
Vercouter, C. & Van den Haute, P., 1993. Post-Palaeozoic cooling and uplift of the Brabant massif as revealed by apatite fission-track analysis. Geological Magazine 130(5): 639–646.
Willems, C.J., Vondrak, A., Mijnlieff, H.F., Donselaar, M.E. & Van Kempen, B.M., 2020. Geology of the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous geothermal aquifers in the West Netherlands Basin-an overview. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 99: e1.
Williams, G.D., Powell, C.M. & Cooper, M.A., 1989. Geometry and kinematics of inversion tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 44(1): 3–15.
Winstanley, A.M., 1993. A review of the Triassic play in the Roer Valley Graben, SE onshore Netherlands. Geological Society, London, Petroleum Geology Conference Series 4(1): 595–607.
Worum, G., Michon, L., van Balen, R.T., Van Wees, J.D., Cloetingh, S. & Pagnier, H., 2005. Pre-Neogene controls on present-day fault activity in the West Netherlands Basin and Roer Valley Rift System (southern Netherlands): role of variations in fault orientation in a uniform low-stress regime. Quaternary Science Reviews 24(3-4): 473–488.
Zeng, H., 2018. What is seismic sedimentology? A tutorial. Interpretation - A Journal of Bible and Theology 6(2): 11–12.
Ziegler, P.A., 1992. European Cenozoic rift system. In: Ziegler, P.A. (ed): Geodynamics of Rifting, Volume I. Case History Studies on Rifts: Europe and Asia. Tectonophysics. vol. 208, p. 91–111.
Zijerveld, L., Stephenson, R., Cloetingh, S.A.P.L., Duin, E. & Van den Berg, M.W., 1992. Subsidence analysis and modelling of the Roer Valley Graben SE Netherlands. Tectonophysics 208(1-3): 159–171.
Published
2024-11-15
How to Cite
Cecchetti , E., Martinius , A. W., Bruna , P.-O., Bender , A., & Abels , H. A. (2024). Structural controls on the Triassic Main Buntsandstein sediment distribution in the Roer Valley Graben, the Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 103. https://doi.org/10.1017/njg.2024.17
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